TUGAS UNTUK KLAS XI IPA,1 DAN IPA/2

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CELL STRUCTURE LOCATION DESCRIPTION FUNCTION

Cell Wall

Plant, Fungi, & Bacteria, but not animal cells

• Outer layer
• Rigid & strong
• Made of cellulose 

• Support (grow tall)
• Protection
• allows H₂O, O₂, CO₂ to diffuse in & out of cell

Cell Membrane

All cells

• Plant - inside cell wall
• Animal - outer layer; cholesterol
• Double layer of phospholipids with proteins
• Selectively permeable

• Support
• Protection
• Controls movement of materials in/out of cell
• Barrier between cell and its environment
• Maintains homeostasis

Nucleus

All cells except prokaryotes

• Large, oval
• May contain 1 or more nucleoli
• Holds DNA 

• Controls cell activities
• Contains the hereditary material of the cell

• Nuclear membrane
  

All cells except prokaryotes

• Surrounds nucleus
• Double membrane
• Selectively permeable

• Controls movement of materials in/out of nucleus

·         Cytoplasm

All cells

• Clear, thick, jellylike material (cytosol)
• Organelles found inside cell membrane
• Contains the cytoskeleton fibers

• Supports and protects cell organelles

Endoplasmic
reticulum (ER)

All cells except prokaryotes

• Network of tubes or membranes
• Smooth w/o ribosomes
• Rough with embedded ribosomes
• Connects to nuclear envelope & cell membrane

• Carries materials through cell
• Aids in making proteins

Ribosome

All cells

• Small bodies free or attached to ER
• Made of rRNA & protein

• Synthesizes proteins

Mitochondrion

All cells except prokaryotes

• Peanut shaped 
• Double membrane
• Outer membrane smooth
• Inner membrane folded into cristae

• Breaks down sugar (glucose) molecules to release energy
• Site of aerobic cellular respiration

Vacuole

    Plant cells have a single, large vacuole

Animal cells have small vacuoles

• Fluid-filled sacs
• Largest organelle in plant cells

• Store food, water, metabolic & toxic wastes
• Store large amounts of food or sugars in plants

Lysosome

Plant - uncommon
Animal - common

• Small and round with a single membrane

• Breaks down larger food molecules into smaller molecules
• Digests old cell parts

Chloroplast

Plants and algae

• Green, oval  containing chlorophyll (green pigment)
• Double membrane with inner membrane modified into sacs called thylakoids
• Stacks of thylakoids called grana & interconnected
• Gel like innermost substance called stroma

• Uses energy from sun to make food (glucose) for the plant
• Process called photosynthesis
• Release oxygen

nucleolus

All cells except prokaryotes

• Found inside the cell's nucleus
• May have more than one
• Disappear during cell division

• Make ribosomes

golgi Apparatus

All cells except prokaryotes

• Stacks of flattened sacs

• Have a cis & trans face
• Modify proteins made by the cells
• Package & export proteins

Cilia

Animal cells, Protozoans

• Have a 9-2 arrangement of microtubules
• Short, but numerous

• Movement

Flagellum

Bacterial cells & Protozoans

• Have a 9-2 arrangement of microtubules
• Long, but few in number

• Movement

Centrioles

Animal cells

• Paired structures near the nucleus
• Made of a cylinder of microtubule pairs

• Separate  chromosome pairs during mitosis

Cytoskeleton

All cells

• Made of microtubules 7 microfilaments

• Strengthen cell & maintains the shape

Moves organelles within the cell